the Ivan the Great Bell-Tower dates from 1508
	
	
		the front facade of the Dormition Cathedral, designed in 1475 by Italian architect Aristotele Fioravanti
	
	
	
	
	
		the Tsar cannon from 1586 never fired a single shot
	
	
		the Kremlin Senate building. Presently Putin calls this home
	
	
		the cannons in front of the Arsenal originally belonged to Napoleon
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
		we leave fthe Kremlin or the Red Square via the famous Spasskaya Tower (Savior Tower)
	
	
		in the Kremlin Gardens
	
	
		an archeological excavation in the Kremlin Gardens
	
	
		the eastern facade of the Dormition Cathedral
	
	
	
		  
		  
		  
		  
		  
		  
		  
		  
		  
		  
		For most tourists the Kremlin tops their to-do list for a visit to Moscow. Moscow.   
		 
  
		Kremlin means fort in a city. The  
		concept goes back to medieval times and was applied in many Russian towns, including Moscow.
  
		When the 
Grand Duchy of Moscow grew  
		in importance, wooden walls were replaced by limestone and by the end of the 15th century 
Ivan III brought in Italian architects for  
		a major reconstruction and enlargement of the Kremlin. Most of today's walls, towers, palaces and cathedrals date from that period.
 
  
		The  
		Kremlin became the residence of the 
Tsars until Peter the Great moved his capital to 
St Petersburg in 1712. But the Soviet leaders  
		ruled again from the Kremlin and so does the president of Russia.
 
  
		We enjoyed  
		the Kremlin in August 2019.
  
		   
		   
		   
		   
		   
		   
		   
		   
		   
		 
	 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
		 
	
		 
	
		visitors enter the Kremlin via the Troitskaya Tower
	
	
		 
	
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		in 1959 Nikita Khrushchev ordered the construction of the State Kremlin Palace. It dissonates with the rest 
	
	
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
	
		the Tsar Bell from 1737 was destroyed during cooling off
	
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
	
		the Cathedral of the Annunciation from 1489 was the personal chapel for the Tsars
	
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
	
		the Spasskaya Tower seen from the Red Square
	
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		the golden domes and crosses on top of the Church of the Nativity
	
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		 
	
		